Dermal fibroblast cultures were exposed to GHK-Cu, copper ions, or GHK without copper.
What the researchers measured
MMP-2, an enzyme involved in matrix breakdown, its gene expression, and inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were measured.
How to read this evidence
Researchers studied cells, isolated tissue, or animals. These experiments can help explain a mechanism, but do not establish benefits or safety in people. Human cells grown in a laboratory also belong in this category.
Results in context
The copper complex influenced both remodeling enzymes and their inhibitors. These are laboratory remodeling measures rather than clinical evidence of healthier skin.
What this does not establish
Cell-culture remodeling markers do not establish improved clinical wounds or cosmetic outcomes, and the copper contribution matters.
Publication & source
Why this paper is included
Fibroblast experiments compared GHK-Cu, copper ions, and free GHK for matrix-remodeling effects.
Publication indexing
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't