69 compound-focused publications · 15 studies with detailed explanations.
Click a paper title or Read summary to open its reading page. Find a detailed explanation or a short, attributed abstract excerpt, then follow the original source for the full conclusion.
69 of 69 publications · Showing 1–30
Mateescu DM, Gavrilescu DM, Mincioaga RI et al. · Pharmaceutics
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Review
Najafi N, Maatouk H, Vardanyan KG et al. · Archives of internal medicine research
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Sadeqi A, Arslan Azizoğlu G, Prausnitz MR · Advanced healthcare materials
Why included: An ex vivo porcine-skin delivery experiment tested copper tripeptide-1 with STAR particles.
Journal Article
Mokhtar J, Mohamad B, Haddad J et al. · Aesthetic surgery journal
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Xie LH, Zhou XH, Wen WQ et al. · Carbohydrate polymers
Why included: A GHK-Cu-containing hydrogel was tested in diabetic wound repair; this is a combined formulation.
Journal Article
Wang J, Tao K, Huang H et al. · Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Jeon S, Maeng J, Lee J et al. · Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Su J, Zhang Y, Cao Y et al. · Biomaterials advances
Why included: GHK-Cu-grafted microspheres were tested for osteogenic and angiogenic effects; this is a modified preparation.
Journal Article
Mazzola J, Rosenfeld M, Tucker M et al. · Research square
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Preprint
Ye S, Kang S, Jeong ET et al. · Current issues in molecular biology
Why included: The skin study directly tested copper tripeptide-1 in fibroblasts and UV-exposed skin samples.
Journal Article
Wen H, Zhao K, Luo X et al. · Biogerontology
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Yu X, Yang T, Bei Z et al. · Bioactive materials
Why included: A GHK-Cu-containing hydrogel was experimentally tested for radiation-associated skin injury.
Journal Article
Hu J, Zhang C, Wang F · European journal of pharmacology
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Wang R, Xu Y, Saiding Q et al. · Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
Why included: A fascia-repair experiment used GHK-Cu as a copper source in a combined delivery formulation.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Patel MN, Patel N, Merja A et al. · Cureus
Why included: A clinical scar-formulation report includes copper tripeptide-1 among four ingredients; it cannot isolate GHK-Cu effects.
Journal Article
Hu D, Zhang X, Gong S et al. · Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Mao S, Huang J, Li J et al. · Frontiers in pharmacology
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Dkhar B, Narayanan M, Venkatakrishnan P et al. · The journal of physical chemistry. B
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Chen H, Yang P, Xue P et al. · Biomaterials research
Why included: A GHK-Cu-loaded hydrogel was experimentally tested for infected wounds.
Journal Article
Ogórek K, Nowak K, Wadych E et al. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Review
Zajda J, Wadych E, Ogórek K et al. · Electrophoresis
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Patel MN, Patel N, Merja A et al. · Cureus
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Bian Y, Deng M, Liu J et al. · Redox biology
Why included: Silicosis mouse and macrophage experiments directly tested the GHK-Cu copper complex.
Journal Article
Wang Y, Lin J, Yu Z et al. · Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces
Why included: The skin formulation study directly tested GHK-Cu-loaded liposomes.
Journal Article
Liu T, Liu Y, Zhao X et al. · Bioactive materials
Why included: A topical-delivery study tested GHK-Cu in an ionic-liquid microemulsion and mouse hair-growth experiments.
Journal Article
Tucker M, Liao GY, Park JY et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Why included: The mouse experiment administered the copper complex GHK-Cu despite using GHK in the title.
Journal Article · Preprint
Dymek M, Olechowska K, Hąc-Wydro K et al. · Pharmaceutics
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Papaioannou A, Liakopoulou A, Papoulis D et al. · Pharmaceutics
Why included: A nanoparticle-conjugate study tested copper tripeptide-1 for wound-related effects.
Journal Article
Sahu R, Yadav S, Gunturu KC et al. · The Journal of organic chemistry
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Zhang Q, Liu J, Deng MM et al. · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Multiple outcomes changed in these experimental models, with more than one possible inflammatory pathway. The paper does not establish treatment of human ulcerative colitis.
Chemically induced mouse colitis and cultured mouse cells do not establish treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease or route-specific safety.
Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms.
Mao S et al. · Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 40672369 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe authors identified a potential target and changes in experimental silicosis. Selected toxicity observations in mice do not establish clinical safety or efficacy.
Experimental silica exposure does not establish an effective or safe treatment for human silicosis.
The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu2+ tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6.
Bian Y et al. · Redox biology · 2024
Why included: Silicosis mouse and macrophage experiments directly tested the GHK-Cu copper complex.
Read the original study PMID 38879894 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe human component was observational; GHK-Cu administration was tested in cells and mice. The study does not establish treatment of COPD-related muscle dysfunction in people.
The small human sample was observational and measured GHK, not response to GHK-Cu treatment. Experimental benefits cannot establish clinical efficacy.
Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu2+ rescues cigarette smoking-induced skeletal muscle dysfunction via a sirtuin 1-dependent pathway.
Deng M et al. · Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2023
Why included: Muscle-cell and smoking-exposed mouse experiments administered GHK-Cu; the accompanying human data measured free GHK.
Read the original study PMID 36905132 · PubMedOpen study summaryChanges in a smoke-exposure model do not establish prevention or treatment of COPD in people. Human cell cultures remain preclinical evidence.
Animal exposure and cultured human cells do not establish clinical COPD treatment or human safety.
Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ attenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation by reducing oxidative stress pathway.
Zhang Q et al. · Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022
Why included: Smoking-exposed mouse and lung-cell experiments directly tested the GHK-Cu copper complex.
Read the original study PMID 35936787 · PubMedOpen study summaryThis chemically induced model explores inflammation and fibrosis. It does not establish reversal of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in patients.
Chemically induced mouse fibrosis does not establish treatment of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Protective effects of GHK-Cu in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation pathways.
Ma WH et al. · Life sciences · 2020
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 31809714 · PubMedOpen study summaryDelivery formulation affected the findings. Results with an experimental liposome cannot be assumed for free peptide or commercial skin products.
A specific liposomal formulation and animal burns do not establish equivalent effects from other products or human wound care.
GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
Wang X et al. · Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2017
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 28370978 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe models test experimentally triggered inflammation. They do not establish treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients.
An induced mouse injury and cell assays do not establish human acute-lung-injury treatment.
The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice.
Park JR et al. · Oncotarget · 2016
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 27517151 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe study addresses delivery under an experimental procedure. Greater penetration does not establish skin benefits or comprehensive safety of a finished product.
Excised skin and experimental delivery devices are not a human treatment trial or proof that a topical product has the same absorption.
Microneedle-Mediated Delivery of Copper Peptide Through Skin.
Li H et al. · Pharmaceutical research · 2015
Why included: Microneedle-assisted skin-delivery experiments directly tested GHK-Cu.
Read the original study PMID 25690343 · PubMedOpen study summarySome six-week mechanical outcomes improved, but later differences and several other outcomes were not significant. The results do not establish lasting graft benefit or human recovery.
Temporary, endpoint-specific effects in rats do not establish durable human ligament repair.
Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstruction.
Fu SC et al. · Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2015
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 25731775 · PubMedOpen study summaryObjective redness, wrinkle, and skin-quality outcomes did not differ significantly between groups. Higher questionnaire satisfaction should be kept separate from those negative objective findings.
The small study and discrepancy between subjective satisfaction and objective outcomes limit efficacy claims. Results concern the tested topical regimen.
Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin.
Miller TR et al. · Archives of facial plastic surgery · 2006
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 16847171 · PubMedOpen study summaryTreated cultures replicated faster, and irradiated treated cells showed early increases in basic fibroblast growth factor and VEGF. Patient-derived cells still represent a laboratory model; the study did not measure wound recovery in those patients.
Patient-derived cells grown in a laboratory remain preclinical evidence. This was not a trial of wound healing or radiation recovery in patients.
Effects of copper tripeptide on the growth and expression of growth factors by normal and irradiated fibroblasts.
Pollard JD et al. · Archives of facial plastic surgery · 2005
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 15655171 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe copper complex influenced both remodeling enzymes and their inhibitors. These are laboratory remodeling measures rather than clinical evidence of healthier skin.
Cell-culture remodeling markers do not establish improved clinical wounds or cosmetic outcomes, and the copper contribution matters.
The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures.
Simeon A et al. · Life sciences · 2000
Why included: Fibroblast experiments compared GHK-Cu, copper ions, and free GHK for matrix-remodeling effects.
Read the original study PMID 11045606 · PubMedOpen study summaryMore extracellular matrix accumulated in these chambers. That tissue-production result does not directly measure closure of an ordinary wound or skin improvement in people.
An implanted rat wound chamber measures tissue accumulation rather than clinical healing in people. It does not establish cosmetic outcomes or route-specific human safety.
In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ in rat experimental wounds.
Maquart FX et al. · The Journal of clinical investigation · 1993
Why included: A rat wound-chamber experiment administered GHK-Cu and measured connective-tissue accumulation.
Read the original study PMID 8227353 · PubMedOpen study summaryInhibition depended on ferritin being the iron source; broad antioxidant activities were not demonstrated. The proposed wound-related mechanism was not a clinical wound-healing test.
A biochemical mechanism proposed from laboratory assays does not establish clinical wound healing or general antioxidant effects in people.
Effects of glycyl-histidyl-lysyl chelated Cu(II) on ferritin dependent lipid peroxidation.
Miller DM et al. · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 1990
Why included: A biochemical ferritin/lipid-oxidation experiment tested glycyl-histidyl-lysyl-chelated copper.
Read the original study PMID 2244543 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe reported increase in collagen production was independent of cell-number changes. This is a laboratory production measure, rather than a test of visible skin improvement, wound closure, or outcomes in people.
A cell-culture endpoint does not establish visible skin changes, clinical wound healing, or the safety of an administration route.
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+.
Maquart FX et al. · FEBS Letters · 1988
Why included: Fibroblast cultures were exposed to the copper complex GHK-Cu to measure collagen synthesis.
Read the original study PMID 3169264 · PubMedOpen study summary