727 compound-focused publications · 15 studies with detailed explanations.
This collection includes related thymosin beta4 research. A paper on the parent peptide does not establish that a TB-500 fragment or a product sold under that name has the same effects.
Click a paper title or Read summary to open its reading page. Find a detailed explanation or a short, attributed abstract excerpt, then follow the original source for the full conclusion.
727 of 727 publications · Showing 1–30
Zhao TR, Hu EB, Wang MW et al. · Molecular biomedicine
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Zhang Z, Huang Y, Huang S et al. · Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Biçer O, Adanir O, Güleryüz Y et al. · Joint diseases and related surgery
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Li YX, Chen CL, Zheng SD et al. · Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
English Abstract · Journal Article
Banga L, Shawky M, Ebrahim F et al. · Experimental eye research
Why included: Thymosin beta4 was tested in corneal epithelial wound and barrier experiments; this is parent-peptide evidence.
Journal Article
Ouyang X, Long Z, Xu X et al. · Clinical science (London, England : 1979)
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Peng H, Chai Y, Gong C et al. · Bioengineering & translational medicine
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Ding Y, Huang D, Zhao Z et al. · Bioactive materials
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Tirone C, Fattore S, Menzella N et al. · Children (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Ye Y, Yang X, Liu Y et al. · Biomolecules
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Ebrahim AS, Liu L, Carion TW et al. · Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Lachowicz JI, Congiu T, Salis A et al. · International journal of molecular sciences
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Di H, Huang J, Zhang D et al. · Peptides
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article · Review
Liang Y, Yu Z, Du S et al. · Nature communications
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Keplinger AJ, Srinivasan PA, Christensen SM et al. · The Journal of biological chemistry
Why included: Experiments tested thymosin beta4 in actin-binding and nuclear-import mechanisms; this is parent-peptide evidence.
Journal Article
He S, Yuan M, Feng C et al. · Advanced healthcare materials
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Ou H, Chen R, Zhou L et al. · International immunopharmacology
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Su Y, Han F, Chen H et al. · Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Why included: An engineered preparation incorporating thymosin beta4 was tested against biofilms; it is not the commercial TB-500 fragment.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Stewart WG, Hejl CD, Guleria RS et al. · Scientific reports
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article · Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Sun YS, Bai XQ, Sun KD et al. · World journal of gastroenterology
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT et al. · Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
Why included: Engineered tandem thymosin beta4 was tested for corneal repair; this preparation differs from TB-500.
Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X et al. · Cardiovascular research
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Guo L, Wang H, Li N et al. · Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Jin Z, Li H, Li J et al. · Cellular signalling
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Zeng PM, Sun XY, Li Y et al. · Stem cell reports
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Wu J, Yang P, Zhang J et al. · Journal of inflammation research
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Xi Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Z et al. · ACS nano
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Li S, Fan T, Hao Z et al. · International journal of general medicine
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Liu P, Mo X, Liu J et al. · Biology
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Maar K, Thatcher JE, Karpov E et al. · International journal of molecular sciences
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Journal Article
Organoids and mice showed changes after thymosin beta4 exposure. The patient-data component concerned gene expression, and the paper does not demonstrate clinical treatment of Alzheimer disease.
Human organoids are laboratory models, not treated patients. This paper studies thymosin beta4 and does not establish TB-500 equivalence or Alzheimer disease treatment in people.
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.
Zeng PM et al. · Stem cell reports · 2025
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 40816274 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe work proposes a mechanism for movement of corneal cells. Human cells in culture are not clinical evidence of eye healing in patients.
Human-derived cells are not human treatment trials; this study does not establish a TB-500 eye treatment.
Purinergic Signaling Involvement in Thymosin β4-mediated Corneal Epithelial Cell Migration.
Yang HM et al. · Current eye research · 2020
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 32223337 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe combination performed differently from either component alone. It does not establish that thymosin beta4 can replace antibiotics or that a TB-500 preparation has the same effects.
This was topical combination treatment in infected mouse corneas, not a TB-500 human trial. Effects cannot be assigned to commercial TB-500 or generalized to other routes or injuries.
Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis.
Carion TW et al. · Cells · 2018
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 30241380 · PubMedOpen study summaryInfarct volume decreased, but functional outcomes did not improve. This negative functional finding is central to interpreting the paper and differs from results in younger animal models.
The negative functional result matters: reduced lesion size did not translate into measured recovery. This does not establish human stroke treatment or TB-500 efficacy.
Thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats.
Morris DC et al. · Neuroscience letters · 2017
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 28864242 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe findings concern chemically induced rodent injury. They do not establish prevention or reversal of liver fibrosis in people or outcomes with TB-500.
Chemical rodent injury does not establish effects on human liver disease. Full-length thymosin beta4 results cannot be assigned to a product labeled TB-500 without verifying equivalence.
Effects of exogenous thymosin β4 on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis.
Li X et al. · Scientific reports · 2017
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 28724974 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe experiments concern gene delivery and signaling dependencies. They do not directly test administration of a commercial TB-500 peptide or clinical treatment of poor circulation.
Gene delivery of full-length thymosin beta4 is not administration of a TB-500 retail vial; animal ischemia results do not establish human benefit.
Thymosin-β4-mediated therapeutic neovascularization: role of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Trenkwalder T et al. · Expert opinion on biological therapy · 2015
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 25652683 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe study reports both early injury and later remodeling outcomes in mice. It cannot establish post-heart-attack treatment in people or equivalence to TB-500.
An induced mouse infarction and full-length thymosin beta4 do not establish human cardiac treatment or TB-500 efficacy.
Thymosin-β4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction.
Peng H et al. · American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2014
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 25015963 · PubMedOpen study summaryStronger healing bone was reported in this experimental setting. Mechanical and imaging outcomes in mice do not determine human fracture-healing time.
Mouse fracture measurements do not establish clinical bone healing or equivalence between thymosin beta4 and TB-500.
Thymosin β4 administration enhances fracture healing in mice.
Brady RD et al. · Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2014
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 25042765 · PubMedOpen study summaryFunction and some tissue measures improved, but lesion volume did not change. The distinct outcomes should not be collapsed into a claim that brain damage was eliminated.
Experimental rat brain injury cannot establish recovery in people, and this is related thymosin beta4 evidence.
Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin β₄ in rats.
Xiong Y et al. · Journal of neurosurgery · 2011
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 20486893 · PubMedOpen study summaryBlocking PI3K or eNOS reduced migration, while ERK inhibition did not substantially do so. The distinction supports a pathway hypothesis in cells rather than a clinical vessel-repair outcome.
A cell-migration assay with thymosin beta4 does not establish vascular repair in people or equivalence to TB-500.
Thymosin beta4 induces endothelial progenitor cell migration via PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal transduction pathway.
Qiu FY et al. · Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology · 2009
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 19247195 · PubMedOpen study summaryProtection differed by challenge: some inflammatory and chemical effects changed, while bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenges did not. This does not establish general antimicrobial or gum-treatment benefit.
Protection was stimulus-dependent in a cell culture. This is neither a human oral-health trial nor direct TB-500 evidence.
Thymosin beta4 is cytoprotective in human gingival fibroblasts.
Reti R et al. · European journal of oral sciences · 2008
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 18821984 · PubMedOpen study summaryChanges in cell-survival signaling accompanied the reported mouse cardiac findings. These experiments help investigate a repair pathway; they do not establish recovery after a heart attack in people or equivalence to commercial TB-500.
The paper studied thymosin beta4, not an established equivalent of a product labeled TB-500. Mouse cardiac findings cannot establish human treatment outcomes.
Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.
Bock-Marquette I et al. · Nature · 2004
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 15565145 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe work connects follicle biology with rodent hair growth. It does not measure human scalp-hair outcomes or test a TB-500 hair product.
Rodent hair growth and isolated cells are not human hair-loss trials; the paper studies thymosin beta4, not a verified TB-500 formulation.
Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells.
Philp D et al. · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2004
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 14657002 · PubMedOpen study summaryHigher expression promoted aggressive behavior in this tumor model. The study concerns altered gene expression, not a peptide safety trial, but shows why repair-related mechanisms should not be assumed uniformly beneficial.
A tumor-cell gene-expression experiment does not quantify cancer risk from administering TB-500, but demonstrates context-dependent biology rather than uniformly beneficial effects.
Thymosin-beta4 regulates motility and metastasis of malignant mouse fibrosarcoma cells.
Kobayashi T et al. · The American journal of pathology · 2002
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 11891186 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe paper combined tissue-level wound observations with a cell-movement experiment. It studied thymosin beta4, so its results cannot be assigned to a product called TB-500 without establishing the preparation's sequence and formulation.
This is related-compound evidence. The name TB-500 does not establish equivalence to the thymosin beta4 preparation used in this paper; sequence and formulation must be checked.
Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.
Malinda KM et al. · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 1999
Why included: The title focuses on thymosin beta4 or TB-500; parent-peptide findings do not establish TB-500 fragment effects.
Read the original study PMID 10469335 · PubMedOpen study summary