Case reports2026
Changes in Oral Mucosa Associated with Melanotan II Injections: A Case Report.
Bonchev A · Life (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Case Reports · Journal Article
104 compound-focused publications · 15 studies with detailed explanations.
Click a paper title or Read summary to open its reading page. Find a detailed explanation or a short, attributed abstract excerpt, then follow the original source for the full conclusion.
104 of 104 publications · Showing 1–30
Bonchev A · Life (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Case Reports · Journal Article
Namkung Y, Slutzki T, Pedroso J et al. · Molecular metabolism
Why included: Melanotan II was used to validate a genetically encoded melanocortin sensor in cultured cells.
Journal Article
Guo DF, Williams PA, Olson A et al. · Cardiovascular research
Why included: The mouse-neuron study tested feeding and autonomic responses to melanotan II.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Yassin Alsabbagh A, Bhujel N, Singh RP · International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Case Reports · Journal Article
Inozemtseva LS, Yatsenko KA, Glazova NY et al. · European journal of pharmacology
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Deville M, Charlier C · Journal of forensic sciences
Why included: Laboratory analysis identified melanotan II and measured purity in submitted vials.
Case Reports · Journal Article
Liu H, Liu Z, Wong HK et al. · Endocrinology
Why included: The mouse experiment tested melanotan II effects on feeding and weight in a serotonin-receptor model.
Journal Article
Castro G, Mendes NF, Weissmann L et al. · Molecular and cellular endocrinology
Why included: Repeated melanotan II administration was tested for feeding and body-mass effects in an amygdala signaling model.
Journal Article
Todorovic M, Blanc A, Wang Z et al. · Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Ford CL, McDonough AA, Horie K et al. · Neuropharmacology
Why included: The vole experiment administered melanotan II to examine social and oxytocin-related responses.
Journal Article · Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
Wekwejt P, Wojda U, Kiryk A · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Kim EM, Quinn JG, Reid RE et al. · Appetite
Why included: The rat feeding study tested nucleus-tractus-solitarius melanotan II with neuropeptide Y signaling.
Journal Article
Wagner S, Brierley DI, Leeson-Payne A et al. · Molecular metabolism
Why included: The feeding study directly tested melanotan II responses after preproglucagon-neuron ablation.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Eliason NL, Martin L, Low MJ et al. · Neuropeptides
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Islam MT, Rumpf F, Tsuno Y et al. · Current biology : CB
Why included: The mouse arousal study directly tested melanotan II in hypothalamic vasopressin signaling.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Eijmael MJPM, Janmaat CJ, Briët-Schipper EMN · Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde
Why included: A patient case describes symptoms following melanotan II injection; this is compound-specific exposure evidence.
Case Reports · Journal Article
Ng TF, Dawit K, Taylor AW · Experimental eye research
Why included: The mouse uveitis experiment tested melanotan II, including lack of inflammation suppression and retinal effects.
Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Tomassi S, Dimmito MP, Cai M et al. · Journal of medicinal chemistry
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Hong TI, Hwang KS, Choi TI et al. · International journal of molecular sciences
Why included: A zebrafish assay directly tested melanotan II-induced melanophore dispersion.
Journal Article
Gilhooley E, Daly S, McKenna D · Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Hsieh YW, Tsai YW, Lai HH et al. · Biomedicines
Why included: The zebrafish feeding experiment tested melanotan II in an alpha-MSH-deficient model.
Journal Article
Watanabe K, Konno N, Nakamachi T et al. · Peptides
Why included: The goldfish behavior experiment directly compared melanotan II with other melanocortin interventions.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Mallory CW, Lopategui DM, Cordon BH · Sexual medicine
Why included: A patient case reports priapism after melanotan II injection; a case report cannot estimate incidence.
Case Reports · Journal Article
McMillan TR, Forster MAM, Short LI et al. · Experimental physiology
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Mestria S, Odoardi S, Frison G et al. · Drug testing and analysis
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Chen B, Vavrek M, Gundersdorf R et al. · Analytica chimica acta
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Wu JC, Tsai HE, Hsiao YH et al. · International journal of molecular sciences
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article
Peters B, Hadimeri H, Wahlberg R et al. · CEN case reports
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Case Reports · Journal Article · Review
Minakova E, Lang J, Medel-Matus JS et al. · PloS one
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Jain S, Panyutin A, Liu N et al. · American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Journal Article · Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural · Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
Behavioral differences were reported within a fish diet model. They do not establish cognitive or mood benefits in people.
Fish behavioral results do not establish cognitive or metabolic treatment in people.
Melanotan-II reverses memory impairment induced by a short-term HF diet.
Wekwejt P et al. · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 37478579 · PubMedOpen study summaryFood intake and motivation changed without the tested metabolic-rate change. Direct brain-region exposure is not equivalent to systemic administration or human appetite treatment.
Local brain administration in mice is not equivalent to peripheral exposure or a clinical weight-management trial.
Melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan-II microinjected in the nucleus accumbens decreases appetitive and consumptive responding for food.
Eliason NL et al. · Neuropeptides · 2022
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 36155088 · PubMedOpen study summaryMelanotan II partly restored impaired heat-production responses in a genetic model. The study concerns cold-response physiology rather than clinical weight loss.
A genetically deficient mouse model does not establish metabolic effects or safety in the general human population.
Melanotan II, a melanocortin agonist, partially rescues the impaired thermogenic capacity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficient mice.
McMillan TR et al. · Experimental physiology · 2021
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 33332767 · PubMedOpen study summaryThis is a clinically important adverse-event report, rather than an estimate of frequency or proof of safety in people without that event.
One case can identify a possible adverse event but cannot determine its frequency or prove causation. Product identity and exposure are not equivalent to a controlled trial.
Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism.
Mallory CW et al. · Sexual medicine · 2021
Why included: A patient case reports priapism after melanotan II injection; a case report cannot estimate incidence.
Read the original study PMID 33460908 · PubMedOpen study summarySome social measures changed in the model animals, while normal mice showed different responses. Mouse behavior does not establish treatment of autism in people.
A mouse behavioral model does not establish treatment for human autism; weight loss and model-specific responses limit interpretation.
Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism.
Minakova E et al. · PloS one · 2019
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 30629642 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe transient cooling response depended on mast cells and histamine signaling in these mice. It does not establish the same response or mechanism in people.
Mouse mechanisms do not establish the frequency or severity of temperature changes in people.
Melanotan II causes hypothermia in mice by activation of mast cells and stimulation of histamine 1 receptors.
Jain S et al. · American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2018
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 29812984 · PubMedOpen study summaryIncreased neuronal firing did not mean increased local oxytocin release, and routes differed. These measurements do not demonstrate improved human social behavior.
Neuronal activation is not equivalent to hormone release or a demonstrated human behavioral benefit.
Effect of Melanotan-II on Brain Fos Immunoreactivity and Oxytocin Neuronal Activity and Secretion in Rats.
Paiva L et al. · Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2017
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 28009464 · PubMedOpen study summaryContents differed from label claims in the sampled vials. The paper tests those products and analytical methods, not clinical outcomes or the quality of products sold here.
A small historical sample does not characterize every supplier or any current batch; chemical testing is not a clinical safety study.
Identification and characterization by LC-UV-MS/MS of melanotan II skin-tanning products sold illegally on the Internet.
Breindahl T et al. · Drug testing and analysis · 2015
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 24771717 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe exposures coincided with melanoma, but a single case with tanning-bed exposure cannot establish the peptide's separate causal contribution or calculate risk.
A case report with concurrent ultraviolet exposure cannot establish causation or estimate melanoma risk attributable to melanotan II.
Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-II.
Hjuler KF et al. · Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2014
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 24355990 · PubMedOpen study summaryInflammation-related and vessel responses changed, but plaque size and cholesterol did not. The paper does not show plaque removal or prevention of cardiovascular events.
Changes in mouse inflammation and ex vivo vascular function do not establish clinical cardiovascular benefit or tanning safety.
Pharmacological activation of the melanocortin system limits plaque inflammation and ameliorates vascular dysfunction in atherosclerotic mice.
Rinne P et al. · Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2014
Why included: Melanotan II was experimentally tested in atherosclerotic mice.
Read the original study PMID 24790139 · PubMedOpen study summaryThe case identifies a serious toxicity signal including muscle breakdown and renal dysfunction. It cannot determine how commonly this occurs or characterize every marketed preparation.
A single case cannot estimate the frequency of adverse events or establish a safe exposure level.
Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis.
Nelson ME et al. · Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2012
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 23121206 · PubMedOpen study summarySome solicitation behaviors increased only with a particular estrogen-plus-progesterone condition; pacing and receptivity did not change. Human sexual desire was not measured.
Effects depended on the experimental hormonal setting and cannot establish human sexual-function treatment.
The melanocortin agonist, melanotan II, enhances proceptive sexual behaviors in the female rat.
Rössler AS et al. · Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2006
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 17113634 · PubMedOpen study summaryShort-term responses were reported, but nausea was also frequent and sometimes severe. The small laboratory experiment does not describe long-term outcomes.
This was a small, short-term experiment in a selected clinical population. It does not establish chronic-use safety, tanning safety, or the quality of retail products.
Effect of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog on penile erection and sexual desire in men with organic erectile dysfunction.
Wessells H et al. · Urology · 2000
Why included: A crossover study administered melanotan II to men with erectile dysfunction and organic risk factors.
Read the original study PMID 11018622 · PubMedOpen study summaryErectile responses were reported in eight of ten men after Melanotan II. Nausea, yawning, stretching, and reduced appetite were more frequent than after placebo. Short laboratory monitoring does not describe longer-term use or outcomes in other populations.
Ten participants and brief laboratory monitoring cannot establish broader efficacy, uncommon harms, or long-term safety.
Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study.
Wessells H et al. · The Journal of urology · 1998
Why included: A placebo-controlled crossover study administered melanotan II to men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction.
Read the original study PMID 9679884 · PubMedOpen study summaryPigmentation changes were reported in two participants. Nausea, fatigue, sleepiness, yawning, and spontaneous erections were also recorded. The pilot's very small size and short observation period are central to interpreting both the pigment findings and adverse effects.
Three participants and brief follow-up cannot characterize uncommon harms, long-term effects, or broader population safety.
Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study.
Dorr RT et al. · Life Sciences · 1996
Why included: The compound is a named subject of the publication title.
Read the original study PMID 8637402 · PubMedOpen study summary